Brandon Miranda

ENGL 21003

Professor Zayas

October 29, 2025

Bilodeau, Philippe Antoine, et al. (2024) “Effectiveness of immunotherapies in relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease.” Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 30(3): 357-368, Epub 5 Feb. 2024  https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585241226830

This journal article addresses the study of monotherapeutic or single use medication on patients who have myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease as well as received prior treatment, to some degree, and relapsed at least once. This study conducted by Bildeau et al. explores and back-looks data between 1981-2022 in patients at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital who have regressed in their treatment of MOGAD.  The research analyzes effectiveness of the four prominent practices and treatments of MOGAD.  Bildeau et al. sought to optimize and cross-treat methods for different patients so that they had higher rates of relapse freedom probability and as close to none of regression after over six months of their last treatment. Their results yielded that such optimized and standard treatments of IVIG and MMF produced the highest rates of relapse freedom compared to older data.

Connection:

The intricate uses of multivariate treatment plans can be a very strong section in my research paper that explains the complex approaches to combat this disease have to be made. Some in which, may have higher relapsing rates on any particular patient, this represents how it is still quite unknown what may be the the center of focus that researchers are looking for to manage this disease. Acknowledging the other treatments and continued revising models that are yet to harness a consistent treatment.

Quotes:

1. “A total of 59 patients were on prednisone monotherapy, compared to the 38 of IVIG, 44 for BCD, and 36 for MMF. The ARRs on monotherapy were 0.66% (95% CI = 0.33-1.29).” (Bildeau et al. 2024, p. 360).
2. “In our multi-center cohort of 88 patients with relapsing MOGAD seen between 1981 and 2022, treatment with IVIG was associated with the lowest ARR (0.13) and highest relapse-freedom probability (72%). MMF had the second lowest ARR (0.32) and second lowest relapse-freedom probability (49%). BCD had the highest ARR (0.54) and the lowest relapse-freedom probability (33%).” (Bildeau et al. 2024, p. 362)
3. “ The use of IVIG 2g/kg monthly (optimal IVIG) was associated with an even lower ARR (0.00) and higher relapse-freedom probability (85%). This is similar to a recent study by Chen et al.8 showing a median ARR of 0 (0–3, p<0.001) on IVIG and higher relapse rates in patients treated with less than 2 g/kg every 4weeks.” (Bildeau et al. 2024, p. 362).
4. “This retrospective effectiveness analysis compares four of the most used MOGAD treatments. While previous studies have investigated individual immunotherapies, our analysis of over 400 relapses allows us to determine the efficacy of different treatment regimens in a statistically robust fashion, albeit with the biases inherent to observational studies.” (Bildeau et al. 2024 p. 363).

Liu, B., et al. (2025). Analysis of clinical features and literature review of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Neurology Asia, 30 (1), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.54029/2025nfz

This journal review “Analysis of Clinical Features and Literature Review of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Antibody-associated Disease” was conducted between the fiscal year in 2022. Liu et al. underwent a retrospective analysis of eight adult patients, five male and three female, at the People’s Hospital of Anyang neurological department. Of these patients, they all had the presence of MOGAD antibodies from various initial symptoms. From their findings, they found a pattern since the majority of cases stemming from optic neuritis and myelitis, but also can derive MOGAD manifestations from neuromyelitis optica, and brainstem encephalitis.

Connection:

This can be very informative in liu of transmitting the first signs of MOGAD in an individual. This source allows me to create the foundation towards the process of the disease and how it could possibly succumb itself onto a person. I would like to check over another of my sources that may have the same amount or more of patients. This disease is so rare, I would hope in some other sources the amount of patients studied have more patients involved.

Quotes: 

1. “All eight patients underwent a comprehensive lumbar puncture examination… All eight patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Four cases had myelitis as their initial symptoms; of these , three had short-segmented lesions (see Figures 1A, 1B, 2A) and one had a long-segmented lesion.” (Liu et al. 2025, p.  272). 
2. “Among the eight patients, five were male and three were female, with an age range of 31-68 years and a median age of 46.88 years. Three patients (Case 2, 3, and 4) had a history of viral infection prior to the onset of the disease, while Case 2 have a herpes simplex viral infection. (Liu et al. 2025, p. 271).
3. “Optic neuritis, disseminated brain myelitis, neuromyelitis optica, myelitis, and brainstem encephalitis are typical clinical manifestations of MOGAD. In this cohort, optic neuritis (⅜) and myelitis (4/8) were the most frequent initial symptoms.” (Liu et al. 2025, p. 274).
4. “As 20% of patients have a precursor viral infection before the onset of the disease, viral infection is regarded as a peripheral triggering factor of MOGAD. Three of these patients in this group clearly had a clear history of viral infection before symptoms appeared.” (Liu et al. 2025, p. 275).